The Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini - 2010 Words

There are so many factors in this world that contribute to prejudice, there are so many interworking’s in the brain that make prejudice so difficult for psychologists to understand just how the issue becomes such a problem in this world. Prejudice has so many different factors with how one sees in-groups and out-groups, what these individuals are told to believe and how to act, and how cognition can play a role in how a specific individual will divide up their cognitive processes or how their brain will divide up their cognitive process for them. With Khaled Hosseini’s novel, The Kite Runner explains the prevalence of prejudice in Afghanistan between two different groups, the Hazara and Pushtons. Three psychology processes and theories†¦show more content†¦Adorno described how usually people with this personality have childhood memories of authority figures, usually parents, that enforce, solid rules with extreme punishment that is usually from a physical f orm of punishment (Brown 28). Adorno and his fellow colleagues expressed that there were nine characteristics that describe this personality, five of these were related to prejudice; projectivity, authoritarian aggression, authoritarian submission, stereotypy, and conventionalism (Whitley and Kite 234). Right-wing authoritarianism goes hand in hand with this personality type, it describes those that see authority figures as a vigor they have to obey, it values hierarchy in society, and a belief that this hierarchy needs to be maintained (Blaine 69). Right-wing authoritarianism is a bit different than the authoritarian personality because it is more of an attitude than personality type, but these both go fluently with each other for this mindset (Whitley and Kite 235). To test this personality type, a testing method called the F-scale was used to identify just how much these people were either right-winged or the opposite. This testing method was biased and only had small

Playgrounds and Gender Stereotyping Essay - 2616 Words

Playgrounds and Gender Stereotyping In this project, I am going to investigate the question; Do playgroups encourage gender stereotypes? This is quite a difficult topic to be able to answer, as a playgroup isnt just going to say that they encourage stereotypes. Therefore, I am going to have to be careful in how I find out my information to make sure they are reliable sources. To look into this and draw some sort of conclusion, I will be asking both playgroup assistants and parents of children attending playgroup (2 sets of parents with girls, 2 sets with boys, 2 sets with boys and girls) questions in interviews or questionnaires. This will give me information from both points of view, and I†¦show more content†¦This is a situation where males are leaders in society, and think they are naturally superior to females. Another view is that there is too much positive discrimination in favour of women where they are treated differently just so that society doesnt look like it is favouring men. If either of these sit uations were true, then the gender stereotyping of children would enforce this unequal society and wouldnt benefit anyone. Also the traditional views of women as housewives and men as breadwinners would remain if the stereotypes were encouraged, thus creating unequal opportunities career-wise, as well as social differences in day-to-day living. In multicultural Britain, it is not beneficial to enforce social barriers. I will now investigate my chosen topic to see if gender roles are encouraged at a young age in the citizens of the future. Methodology Sampling Frame Method: This is a difficult thing to determine with my topic in mind. Mainly because Id only be able to interview/get information from people I know (considering the possible imposing nature of this investigation asking about their children). I know a leader of a playgroup and they were able to give me a small list of parents willing to take part in my project. I shall pick at random and interview 2 sets of parents with girls, two sets of parents with boys; and two sets with boys and girls. ThisShow MoreRelatedAd Analysis : Gap Kids1048 Words   |  5 PagesAd Analysis Gender bias is extremely prevalent these days; from girls being obsessed with fashion, to boys only caring about sports, there is a huge gap in still rigid stereotypes. Society has worked to push into these ideals throughout their lives from childhood. It starts with pink for baby girls and blue for baby boys, and then escalates to the ideals of fashion for teenage girls and sports for teenage boys. Advertising has a very sizeable effect on these ideals and how they impact society. HowRead MoreGender Stereotyping : The Development Of Gender Stereotypes1565 Words   |  7 PagesVery few people understand the development of gender stereotyping and how it impacts the younger generation. Gender stereotypes are social expectations of how female and males should act. They are cultural interpretation about how females should be characterized as feminine and like pink, and how boys are stereotyped to be masculine and like the color blue. However, these stereotypes are not natural because th ey are socially constructed. Social construction is an idea or practice that a group ofRead MoreEssay on Gender Roles in Society1178 Words   |  5 PagesGender Roles in Society Gender role is a commonly discussed subject in society. Gender role simply defined is a persons inner sense of how a male or female should feel and behave. Society and culture are also very important in relation to this subject. This means different societies and cultures may produce children and later, grown men and women, who have quite different views of a man or a womans place in the world around them, often determined by their cultures gender stereotypes. TheseRead MoreThe Issues Within Public Education Essay1393 Words   |  6 Pagesreforms, as well as unequal gender bias. Gender bias in education is typically thought of the fact that girls are pushed toward classes that are humanities based, while the boys are pushed to take classes that are science and math driven. This then leads into the fact that women make less money than men, so something must be unequal, whether it is education or gender rights, or both. This paper will examine the gender gap in K-12 education, whic h includes stereotyping and the unequal representationRead MoreGateway Charter Academy Middle / High School1064 Words   |  5 Pagesunderstand what diversity really means and how it applies to them. Diversity focuses on race, gender, ethnicity, and cultural and how it pertains to the classroom and everyday life. This course is here to enlighten students of the differences of others and how to be sensitive to everyone’s cultures and beliefs. Consists of developing positive relationships among diverse groups and individuals to fight stereotyping and promote unity (Bank McGee, 2013). There are many benefits for the course ExploringRead MoreGender And Ses Impact On Reading1361 Words   |  6 PagesPerhaps the most prevailing inequalities in educational achievement are those associated with socio-economic status (SES) and gender. While much research on equity gaps has focussed on secondary schooling, low achievement at the end of primary school is a key risk factor for subsequent low achievement at age 16, for leaving full-time education at the earliest opportunity, and for long term employment and occupational outcomes (Boudon, 1974; McIntosh Vignoles, 2000; Kingdon Cassen, 2010). It isRead MoreGender Differences Within Social Development1747 Words   |  7 Pagesresearch paper is set to inform the reader of the gender differences through social development. Depending on a child’s gender, things such as gender identity and social acceptance have a great impact in their development. The first thing parents learned about their children before birth is the sex of the baby. This highlights the importance of sex and gender. Sex differences have long been a very important topic in psychology and in understanding why gender differences affect social development. SocialRead MoreHow Schools Are An Influence On A Child s Identity Essay1219 Words   |  5 Pagesschools. She explains how many factors can go into a child’s identity: A further challenge within educational contexts lies in the frequent conflation of learner identities grounded in categories of race, ethnicity, dis/ability, social class and gender. Learner identities refer specifically to the conceptualizations children have of themselves as learners, but as with social identities, these are relational and pupils construct themselves and are constructed by others as particular types of learnersRead MoreTackling Gender Underachievement in Literacy and Numeracy Essay2036 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction In recent years there has been much research into gender learning issues and the apparent learning disparity between boys and girls. Such research has included investigations into boys underachievement in literacy and girls underachievement in mathematics. The aim of such research is to recognise key reasons why such trends are occurring and perhaps more importantly, to address these within the classroom. Since the introduction of the National Curriculum, national testing Read MoreFactors Affecting Participation in Certain Sports Essay951 Words   |  4 Pageslikely that you will. Most young people depend upon parents and family for kit and help with travel to sports events. The opposite is again true. If your Family has a negative attitude to physical activity it is likely you will to. Gender There is a mistaken believe held by some people that sports is a man’s world. There certainly seem to be few barriers put up to prevent men from participating in physical activity. Far more men Participate in physical activity than

Striving for Personal Success Free Essays

Striving for Personal Success University of Phoenix Gen 200 Eleanor Roosevelt once said, â€Å"In the long run, we shape our lives, and we shape ourselves. The process never ends until we die. And the choices we make are ultimately our own responsibility† (Goodreads Inc. We will write a custom essay sample on Striving for Personal Success or any similar topic only for you Order Now , 2013). Although life can be a major deterrent on success, it also can be one factor in obtaining college success. The personal responsibility a student holds is based on their motivation and self- sacrifices. Success in life and in college can only be measures by the hard work, drive, and dedication. Personal responsibility is defined as relating or pertaining to oneself and the state of responsibility as moral, legal, or mental accountability (Merriam-Webster, Incorporated, 2013). One way of applying personal responsibility in a student’s life is to continue to push the limits that other people have placed on them and pushing those boundaries to the max. With huge success can come countless opportunities, through these opportunities comes dedication and challenges. It is in how each person deals with those dedication and challenges that makes the sacrifices worth everything. When the idea of quitting occurs is when an individual must lean on his or her support systems to pull them through that state of mind. It is family, friends, and amazing instructors who can be the factors between persevering through the hard times and giving up. The question a student will then have to face is, what is most important to that person? By fguring out that question and realize the time and dedication that has already been applied would be a waste. At this final point the individual has to find the motivation and drive to re light that fire under them and ontinue to strive on. It is that personal responsibility of holding oneself accountable for the hard work that will lead that person to college success. Personal responsibility is a factor in achieving success in life and in college, but personal responsibility also can be a hinder. By being a college student people not only have dedication to their schoolwork, but also their outside school, such as family, friends, and a Job. The struggle is trying to find that balance needed to succeed in all fields. Alexandra Escobar said, â€Å"Professional women often struggle as they try to alance their work and personal roles, while still trying to grow in both,† she currently holds a master’s degree in education and holds a chair for the College of Education at University of Phoenix South Florida Campus (â€Å"How women in business can â€Å"lean in†,† personal roles, but as shown through her degree and position held in her college now the success for a degree is possible. The major factor is time management. Every person must learn to create time for what matters, whether that is to wake up an hour earlier or turn the television off to complete that one assignment. 0. 1. Simpson once said, â€Å"The day you take complete responsibility for yourself, the day you stop making any excuses that is the day you start to the top† (BrainyQuote@, 2001). If this degree and college success is what matters, that person will find a way to make it work, or that person will find a way to make excuses. The main question every person must ask themselves is success at this very moment more important than success for growth that can better one’s future or not? Personal responsibility and college success are proving to be one and the same. Success in college and in life can only be achieved by one’s own self-sacrifice and elf-dedication. Winston Churchill once said, â€Å"The price of greatness is responsibility’ (BrainyQuote@, 2001). Winston Churchill is right. It is the self-sacrifice of choosing to miss out on social events, school events, or pull extra work hours so that person can finish his or her assignments needed to succeed in their classes. The self-dedication will need to be applied to obtain such greatness. By applying self- dedication and personal sacrifices one is allowing themself to grow in personal success. Each hurdle completed in their college Journey is another step closer to obtain ollege success as well as being able to apply the knowledge obtained into their lifestyle and in return gain success in the workforce. It is each individual’s personal responsibility to apply what is being learned in and out of the classroom through their college Journey that will truly allow them to have the greatest form of college success. An educational success will be obtained by a college degree, but also a workforce knowledge and personal growth that can be achieved only by experiencing that balancing act between personal responsibility and college success. In conclusion, personal responsibility is the key to success. Success is also determined by self-sacrifice and self-dedication. How to cite Striving for Personal Success, Papers

Consumer Acceptance of Electronic †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Determining Effectiveness of Advertising Campaigns. Answer: Introduction: At the first instance, identification and specification of the campaigning objectives would prove beneficial. Within the objectives, the following points attain an important position. Clarification of the purpose of the advertisement and requirements. For this, providing training to the employees would act as a conscious and wise approach towards setting up the objectives for campaigning of perfumes (Wright 2015). Measurability in terms of setting the objectives would enhance the preconceived skills, knowledge and expertise of the personnel towards the accomplishment of the nature, extent, scope and arena of the advertising campaign of perfumes. Ensuring the feasibility of the objectives is one of the other grounds, which would reflect the true purpose of the advertising campaign of perfumes (Abraham et al., 2015). Within this process, taking into consideration, the financial, time, budget and pressurization of the market forces would help the personnel to ensure the appropriateness of the developed objectives from all aspects. Market awareness in terms of the substitute perfumes launched by the contemporary brands would help the personnel to provide quality products to the customers. One of the other factors to be considered is the purchasing power and decisions of the customers (Moriarty et al., 2014). Consciousness and rational approach in this direction would help the personnel to achieve large scale customer satisfaction in the advertising campaign. Bearing in mind, the impact on the customers would help the personnel to judge the appropriateness of the developed objectives. Adherence and compliance to the standards and norms would authenticate and validate the advertising campaign for perfumes (Bart, Stephen and Sarvary 2014). As a matter of specification, adherence to the competition policies would help the personnel to indulge into fair trade, deals and transactions with the other contemporary brands dealing in perfumes. Based on the above specifications, the following objectives Can be developed: To Conduct market research for gaining an insight into the perfumes, which are in demand in the market To identify the target audience To calculate the cost of the processes related to the advertising campaign To develop an itinerary for the campaign related activities Financial aspect of the advertising campaign After setting the objectives, estimation of budget is the sequential step. Specifications of this step are as follows: The first step is to ensure that the briefings of the budget comprises of clients profile, clearly stated purpose statement and the requirements of the advertiser (Molitor et al., 2016). Measurability, in terms of estimation of the budget, holds an important position. This measurability provides a clear understanding to the client in terms of the specific guidelines that needs to be accomplished within the details of the advertising campaign for the newly launched perfumes. Within the briefings of the advertising budget, the presence of the following items is necessary: Definition of the key characteristics of the perfume Competitive factors, which might restrict the scope and arena of the companies and organizations aspiring to carry out advertising campaign for their newly launched perfume (Reinartz and Saffert 2013). Market situation in terms of gaining an insight into the performance of the contemporary companies and organizations dealing in perfumes. Inclusion of a summary on the identified target audience would help in the calculation of the estimated costs for manual labour that is required for the advertising campaigns. Within this, accumulation of the legal and ethical constraints would validate and authentic the budget (Bart, Stephen and Sarvary 2014). Apart from this, presence of information on the budget allocation and the itinerary of the activities related to the advertising campaign would align with the needs, demands and requirements of the advertiser. Organizing frequent meetings with the client would help the personnel to receive minute details of the perfumes, which might prove useful during the campaign (Abraham et al., 2015). Itinerary for the activities related to the advertising campaign Confirmation regarding the length and time duration of the advertising campaign is an essential component to be included within the briefings of the campaign. As a sequential step, identification of the service providers helps the personnel to complete the related tasks such as hiring of the expertise, costs negotiation and availability of manual labour and raw materials (Myers et al., 2015). Consideration of value for money and merit basis for fulfilling the requirements of the service providers projects the true purpose of selecting the service providers. Exposure of wise approach in this direction reflects the adherence and compliance to the legal and ethical issues. Apart from this, keeping sufficient and adequate time for meeting the media personnel would help the personnel to successfully achieve the identified objectives (Sizov and Piller 2016). Setting milestones for evaluating the exposed performance would prove beneficial for the personnel aspiring to advertise their newly launched perfumes. Maintenance of consistency in the execution of evaluation would help the personnel to examine the effectiveness of the estimated expenditure in the budget as well as the scheduled activities. Moreover, evaluation would bring to the forefront the potential drawbacks in the exposed performance (Wright 2015). Frequent meetings and conferences with the clients would help the personnel to rectify these drawbacks, which would result in the widespread promotion of the newly launched perfume. Bringing changes within the activities would act as an agent in luring the customers towards the brand, which would enhance and upgrade the standard of the business amidst the competitive ambience of the market (Moriarty et al., 2014). Bearing in mind the above specifications, the following timetable can be made for the advertising campaign: Activities Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Meeting and conferences for drawing rough sketch of the campaign Site selection Approval for site selection Calculation of budget Evaluation Purchasing raw materials Examining the purchased materials with the identified objectives Allocation of raw materials Initiation of the campaign Evaluation Table 1: Gantt chart for advertising campaign of Encounter fresh perfume References Abraham, M.M., Brown, M.A., Chase, S., Maccarelli, C. and Ramdeholl, W., Comscore, Inc., 2015.Determining effectiveness of advertising campaigns. U.S. Patent Application 14/753,481. Bart, Y., Stephen, A.T. and Sarvary, M., 2014. Which products are best suited to mobile advertising? A field study of mobile display advertising effects on consumer attitudes and intentions.Journal of Marketing Research,51(3), pp.270-285. Molitor, D., Reichhart, P., Spann, M. and Ghose, A., 2016. Measuring the effectiveness of location-based advertising: A randomized field experiment. Moriarty, S., Mitchell, N.D., Wells, W.D., Crawford, R., Brennan, L. and Spence-Stone, R., 2014.Advertising: Principles and practice. Pearson Australia. Myers, R., Kang, D. and Guerin, H., Vungle, Inc., 2015.Systems and methods for selecting an ad campaign among advertising campaigns having multiple bid strategies. U.S. Patent Application 14/677,952. Reinartz, W. and Saffert, P., 2013. Creativity in advertising: When it works and when it doesnt.Harvard business review,91(6), pp.106-111. Sizov, S. and Piller, S., 2016, May. Economic value of web keyword advertising campaigns. InProceedings of the 8th ACM Conference on Web Science(pp. 117-126). ACM. Wright, G., 2015. Consumer-to-Consumer Online Sharing of Co-Creative Advertising Campaigns.

Public Business Policy Prediction of Business Brands

Question: Describe about the Public Business Policy for Prediction of Business Brands. Answer: 1. Introduction The idea about brands and local clothes vary depending on the taste and preference of the people. Some feel brands give an identity and better predicts. On the contrary, some feel that local manufacturers will make better clothes and there is no need to support the big brands that are already gaining huge profits. The write-up will be mainly presented in the form of arguments where views will be presented supporting the purchase of the branded products as well as views that would be against the purchase of the branded products. View 1 Supporting branded clothes Sense of identity Wearing branded clothes is important because it assures quality to the individuals. as a company is representing the logo or the name, hence, it is less likely that they will provide degraded quality of products to the consumers (Mason and Gemma 2013). Once a person is purchasing from a particular brand and the experience is good, it is more likely that the person will again purchase from the similar company. Thus, many people feel buying from a brand will increase the durability of the product and prefer branded clothes than buying the local ones. Better quality A group of individuals will be able to identify with the brand by considering it as a common factor among them (OCass and Vida 2014). Many people feel that if someone is no wearing branded clothes, then people mind think that the person is disorganized. Especially, the teenagers are more brand conscious as they develop feeling that once they are wrapped under a secure blanket. View 2 Supporting non-branded clothes Development of the local businesspersons If an individual is purchasing clothes of a local brand then the purchases will help in the development of the society. Some of the local manufactures might be involved in making of the clothes and the local people will be benefitted if the individual buy the goods (Kelemen 2013). The customers might not be wearing any brand but he or she will be able to help the business of local manufacturers to grow and develop their business. Customers not benefitted Many people feel that they are not being paid or are benefitted for advertising the brand in the market (Freund, James and Erik 2013). They should not use the brand to promote the company for which the company is not giving anything to the customers. the designer brands have huge market and if some of the people are not wearing the brand, it would not affect the business of the organization as a whole. Branded clothes can be local At times, huge numbers of local manufacturers are involved in making the branded clothes, they do not get the recognition and the customers buy those clothes at a price that are much higher price (OCass and Vida 2014). In addition to this, the workers have to work in poor working conditions to support their family. The high prices of the products are mainly because of the middle men present in the supply and sale of the products in the market. Conclusion The people who are supporting the use of branded clothes feel that the quality of the products will be good if it is from any of the brands. On the other hand, many people feel that using a brand gives a sense of identity among the group. On the contrary, the views against the use of branded clothes argue that purchase of the local clothes help in supporting the business of the local manufacturers. At times, many local manufacturers are made to work under big brands but without any recognition for their work. in addition to this, many feel that companies are not paying the customers to advertise their products and hence it should be avoided. 2. The advantage of public schools is that it takes the responsibility to teach every child and at a fees that could be affordable by all strata of people (Elacqua 2012). The mid-day food provided by the public schools make the life of the people better who are not able to afford sufficient meals for themselves. On the contrary, the disadvantage of the public schools is that the government is running them; it lacks certain facilities and infrastructure that are needed to educate the children. The advantage of private schools is that it has the facilities, amenities and tools that will be helpful in proper development of the child. The visually aided classes are helpful for the children to visualize the lessons that they are learning in the books (Turner, Lindsey and Frank 2012). On the other hand, it is not possible fro every parent to support the education if their children with the high fees demanded by the school authorities. References Elacqua, Gregory. "The impact of school choice and public policy on segregation: Evidence from Chile."International Journal of Educational Development32, no. 3 (2012): 444-453. Freund, James, and Erik S. Jacobi. "Revenge of the brand monsters: How Goldman Sachs doppelgnger turned monstrous."Journal of Marketing Management29, no. 1-2 (2013): 175-194. Kelemen, Zita. "Lovemarks or passion brands may create barriers to private labels in the digital age."Regional and Business Studies4, no. 1-2 (2013). Mason, Roger B., and Gemma Wigley. "The'Chav'Subculture: Branded Clothing as an Extension of the Self."Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies5, no. 3 (2013): 173. OCass, Aron, and Vida Siahtiri. "Are young adult Chinese status and fashion clothing brand conscious?."Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management18, no. 3 (2014): 284-300. Turner, Lindsey, and Frank J. Chaloupka. "Slow progress in changing the school food environment: nationally representative results from public and private elementary schools."Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics112, no. 9 (2012): 1380-1389.

Free Essays on Managing Ethics

The organization of the future The organization of the future will be completely refined from the organization of today. Future organizations will focus more on three key aspects. These aspects include diversity, people (Human Resources), and technology. We all know that in order to manage it requires people. Man power is the key resource to any organization past, present or future. In order to understand the human resource of man power, we must first analyze the concept of diversity, and why it is so important. Though my research paper I emphasize how people, technology, and globalization are they key to business success. The main concept that I will stress is that above aspects all work together in the world of business. Why is organizational diversity important? Historically, diversity in the workplace has been recognized as an employment equity issue. Now, however, diversity in the workplace is being recognized as a benefit that will contribute to an organization’s bottom line. Increased employee and customer satisfaction end up as increased productivity, all of which are measurable outcomes (Bennis, 1997). Diversity goes beyond employment equity to nurturing an environment that values the differences and maximizes the potential of all employees, one that stimulates employee creativity and innovativeness (U.S. Merit Systems Protection Board (U.S. MSPB), 1993). To create an organizational culture that supports workforce diversity involves several important elements. These elements include a needs analysis, administrative and management support and commitment, education and training, culture and management systems changes and continuous follow-up and evaluation. Management is, by definition, getting things done through people. If managers are to increase productivity, reduce costs, and improve their organization's competitive advantage, they must focus on how to properly manage personnel. Creating effective motivation ... Free Essays on Managing Ethics Free Essays on Managing Ethics The organization of the future The organization of the future will be completely refined from the organization of today. Future organizations will focus more on three key aspects. These aspects include diversity, people (Human Resources), and technology. We all know that in order to manage it requires people. Man power is the key resource to any organization past, present or future. In order to understand the human resource of man power, we must first analyze the concept of diversity, and why it is so important. Though my research paper I emphasize how people, technology, and globalization are they key to business success. The main concept that I will stress is that above aspects all work together in the world of business. Why is organizational diversity important? Historically, diversity in the workplace has been recognized as an employment equity issue. Now, however, diversity in the workplace is being recognized as a benefit that will contribute to an organization’s bottom line. Increased employee and customer satisfaction end up as increased productivity, all of which are measurable outcomes (Bennis, 1997). Diversity goes beyond employment equity to nurturing an environment that values the differences and maximizes the potential of all employees, one that stimulates employee creativity and innovativeness (U.S. Merit Systems Protection Board (U.S. MSPB), 1993). To create an organizational culture that supports workforce diversity involves several important elements. These elements include a needs analysis, administrative and management support and commitment, education and training, culture and management systems changes and continuous follow-up and evaluation. Management is, by definition, getting things done through people. If managers are to increase productivity, reduce costs, and improve their organization's competitive advantage, they must focus on how to properly manage personnel. Creating effective motivation ...

Biography of Greek Philosopher Anaximander

Biography of Greek Philosopher Anaximander Anaximander was a Greek philosopher who had a deep interest in cosmology as well as a systematic view of the world (Encyclopedia Britannica). Although little about his life and world is known today he was one of the first philosophers to write down his studies and he was an advocate of science and trying to understand the structure and organization of the world. As such he made many significant contributions to early geography and cartography and he is believed to have created the first published world map. Anaximander’s Life Anaximander was born in 610 B.C.E. in Miletus (present-day Turkey). Little is known about his early life but it is believed that he was a student of the Greek philosopher Thales of Miletus (Encyclopedia Britannica). During his studies, Anaximander wrote about astronomy, geography and the nature and organization of the world around him. Today only a small portion of Anaximander’s work survives and much of what is known about his work and life is based on reconstructions and summaries by later Greek writers and philosophers. For example in the 1st or 2nd century C.E. Aetius became compiling the work of early philosophers. His work was later followed by that of Hippolytus in the 3rd century and Simplicius in the 6th century (Encyclopedia Britannica). Despite the work of these philosophers, however, many scholars believe that Aristotle and his student Theophrastus are most responsible for what is known about Anaximander and his work today (The European Graduate School). Their summaries and reconstructions show that Anaximander and Thales formed the Milesian School of Pre-Socratic philosophy. Anaximander is also credited with inventing the gnomon on the sundial and he believed in a single principle that was the basis for the universe (Gill). Anaximander is known for writing a philosophical prose poem called On Nature and today only a fragment still exists (The European Graduate School). It is believed that many of the summaries and reconstructions of his work were based on this poem. In the poem, Anaximander describes a regulating system that governs the world and the cosmos. He also explains that there is an indefinite principle and element that form the basis for the Earth’s organization (The European Graduate School). In addition to these theories Anaximander also early new theories in astronomy, biology, geography, and geometry. Contributions to Geography and Cartography Because of his focus on the organization of the world much of Anaximander’s work contributed significantly to the development of early geography and cartography. He is credited with designing the first published map (which was later revised by Hecataeus) and he may have also built one of the first celestial globe (Encyclopedia Britannica). Anaximander’s map, although not detailed, was significant because it was the first attempt to show the entire world or at least the portion that was known to the ancient Greeks at the time. It is believed that Anaximander created this map for a number of reasons. One of which was to improve navigation between the colonies of Miletus and other colonies around the Mediterranean and Black seas (Wikipedia.org). Another reason for creating the map was to show the known world to other colonies in an attempt to make them want to join the Ionian city-states (Wikipedia.org). The final stated for creating the map was that Anaximander wanted to show a global representation of the known world to increase knowledge for himself and his peers.   Anaximander believed that the inhabited portion of the Earth was flat and it was made up of the top face of a cylinder (Encyclopedia Britannica). He also stated that the Earth’s position was not supported by anything and it simply remained in place because it was equidistant from all other things (Encyclopedia Britannica).   Other Theories and Accomplishments In addition to the structure of the Earth itself, Anaximander was also interested in the structure of the cosmos, the origin of the world and evolution. He believed that the sun and moon were hollow rings filled with fire. The rings themselves according to Anaximander had vents or holes so that the fire could shine through. The different phases of the moon and eclipses were a result of the vents closing. In trying to explain the origin of the world Anaximander developed a theory that everything originated from the apeiron (the indefinite or infinite) instead of from a specific element (Encyclopedia Britannica). He believed that motion and the ape iron were the origin of the world and motion caused opposite thing such as hot and cold or wet and dry land for instance to be separated (Encyclopedia Britannica). He also believed that the world was not eternal and would eventually be destroyed so a new world could begin. In addition to his belief in apeiron, Anaximander also believed in evolution for the development of the Earth’s living things. The world’s first creatures were said to have come from evaporation and humans came from another type of animal (Encyclopedia Britannica). Although his work was later revised by other philosophers and scientists to be more accurate, Anaximander’s writings were significant to the development of early geography, cartography, astronomy and other fields because they represented one of the first attempts to explain the world and its structure/organization. Anaximander died in 546 B.C.E. in Miletus. To learn more about Anaximander visit the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.